NASA’s Kepler Confirms 100+ Exoplanets During Its K2 Mission
Artist concept of discovered Earth’s size-range planets orbiting a single dwarf star by Kepler. Credits: NASA/JPL |
The planets, all between 20 and 50 percent larger than Earth by diameter, are orbiting the M dwarf star K2-72, found 181 light years away in the direction of the Aquarius constellation. The host star is less than half the size of the sun and less bright. The planets’ orbital periods range from five and a half to 24 days, and two of them may experience irradiation levels from their star comparable to those on Earth. Despite their tight orbits — closer than Mercury's orbit around the sun — the possibility that life could arise on a planet around such a star cannot be ruled out, according to lead author Crossfield, a Sagan Fellow at the University of Arizona's Lunar and Planetary Laboratory.
The Large Binocular Telescope. Credit: NASA |
Both Kepler and its K2 mission discover new planets by measuring the subtle dip in a star's brightness caused by a planet passing in front of its star. In its initial mission, Kepler surveyed just one patch of sky in the northern hemisphere, determining the frequency of planets whose size and temperature might be similar to Earth orbiting stars similar to our sun. In the spacecraft’s extended mission in 2013, it lost its ability to precisely stare at its original target area, but a brilliant fix created a second life for the telescope that is proving scientifically fruitful.
After the fix, Kepler started its K2 mission, which has provided an ecliptic field of view with greater opportunities for Earth-based observatories in both the northern and southern hemispheres. Additionally, the K2 mission is entirely community-driven with all targets proposed by the scientific community.
Artist's conception of star SO25300.5+165258 a red dwarf about 7.8 light years from the sun. Credit: NASA/Walt Feimer |
"An analogy would be to say that Kepler performed a demographic study, while the K2 mission focuses on the bright and nearby stars with different types of planets," said Ian Crossfield. “The K2 mission allows us to increase the number of small, red stars by a factor of 20, significantly increasing the number of astronomical 'movie stars' that make the best systems for further study."
To validate candidate planets identified by K2, the researchers obtained high-resolution images of the planet-hosting stars as well as high-resolution optical spectroscopy. By dispersing the starlight as through a prism, the spectrographs allowed the researchers to infer the physical properties of a star — such as mass, radius and temperature — from which the properties of any planets orbiting it can be inferred.
These observations represent a natural stepping stone from the K2 mission to NASA's other upcoming exoplanet missions such as the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite and James Webb Space Telescope.
"This bountiful list of validated exoplanets from the K2 mission highlights the fact that the targeted examination of bright stars and nearby stars along the ecliptic is providing many interesting new planets,” said Steve Howell, project scientist for the K2 mission at NASA’s Ames Research Center in Moffett Field, California. "These targets allow the astronomical community ease of follow-up and characterization, providing a few gems for first study by the James Webb Space Telescope, which could perhaps tell us about the planets’ atmospheres."
Sources: NASA, Wikipedia
---------------------------------------------------------------------
La misión de la NASA Kepler Confirma +100 Exoplanetas durante su Misión K2
Gemini North at sunset on top of Mauna Kea. Wikipedia |
Los investigadores han conseguido este extraordinario “compendio” de exoplanetas tras la combinación de datos en el seguimiento de las observaciones con telescopios ubicados en la Tierra, incluyendo el Telescopio Gemini Norte o el Observatorio W. M. Keck en Hawái, el Buscador de Planetas Automatizado de la Universidad de California y el Gran telescopio binocular manejado por la Universidad de Arizona. Los descubrimientos son publicados en línea en el Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series.
W. M. Keck Observatory. Wikipedia |
Tras el arreglo, Kepler comenzó su misión K2, y que ha proporcionado un campo de visión eclíptico de mayores oportunidades para las observaciones apoyadas en telescopios terrestres tanto en el hemisferio sur como en el norte. Adicionalmente, la misión K2 está totalmente conducida por la comunidad con todo tipo de objetivos propuestos por la comunidad científica.
Dado que se cubre más área del firmamento, la misión K2 es capaz de observar una porción más amplia de las frías estrellas enemas rojas, y ya que tales estrellas son más comunes en la Vía Láctea que las parecidas al Sol, las estrellas cercanas serian predominantemente enanas rojas.
"Una analogía seria el decir que Kepler ha llevado a cabo un estudio demográfico, mientras que la misión K2 se centra en la las cercanas y brillantes estrellas con distintos tipos de planetas,” dijo Ian Crossfield. "La misión K2 nos permite incrementar el número de pequeñas, estrellas rojas por un factor de 20, incrementando significativamente los diferentes tipos de 'estrellas de cine' astronómicas que podrían darnos un mejor sistema a estudiar. "
Hertzsprung-russel diagram showing red dwarf stars. Wikipedia |
Estas observaciones representan una evolución natural clave de lo que es la misión de la NASA K2 a lo que serán las próximas misiones como la Satélite de Sondeo de Exoplanetas en Tránsito y el Telescopio Espacial James Webb.
"Esta abundante lista validada de exoplanetas de la misión K2 remarca el hecho de que enfocar la examinación sobre las estrellas brillantes cercanas y las estrellas cercanas a lo largo de la eclíptica puede aportar nuevos e interesantes planetas” dijo Steve Howell, científico del proyecto de la misión K2 en el Centro de Investigacion de Ames de la NASA en Moffett Field, California. “Estos objetivos permiten a la comunidad astronómica un fácil seguimiento y caracterización, aportando unas cuantas gemas para el estudio a llevar a cabo por el Telescopio Espacial James Webb, que podría quizás decirnos sobre las atmosferas de los planetas.”
Fuentes: NASA, Wikipedia