Catastrophic galactic collision could send the solar system flying into space

The Whirlpool Galaxy (M51a) and companion galaxy (M51b). This Hubble Space Telescope image represents a merger between two galaxies similar in mass to the Milky Way and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Credit: NASA, ESA, S. Beckwith (STScI), and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)

New research led by astrophysicists at Durham University, UK, predicts that the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) could hit the Milky Way in two billion years' time. 

The collision could occur much earlier than the predicted impact between the Milky Way and another neighbouring galaxy, Andromeda, which scientists say will hit our galaxy in eight billion years. 

The catastrophic coming together with the Large Magellanic Cloud could wake up our galaxy's dormant black hole, which would begin devouring surrounding gas and increase in size by up to ten times. 

As it feeds, the now-active black hole would throw out high-energy radiation and while these cosmic fireworks are unlikely to affect life on Earth, the scientists say there is a small chance that the initial collision could send our Solar System hurtling into space. 

The findings were published today on Friday, 4 January in the journal Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 

Galaxies like our own Milky Way are surrounded by a group of smaller satellite galaxies that orbit around them, in a similar way to how bees move around a hive. 

Simulation of the evolution of a galaxy similar to our own. The bright regions correspond to stars. The video shows the approach of a secondary smaller galaxy, a so-called satellite galaxy, that shortly afterwards gets devoured by the central galaxy. As the smaller galaxy gets destroyed, stars get ejected from the central region. Although the chances are small, our Sun could be one of those stars condemned to a long and lonely wander through the cold and dark intergalactic space. The movie shows a similar evolution to what researchers predict for the collision between our galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud. Credit: The Auriga project -- https://auriga.h-its.org/

Typically, these satellite galaxies have a quiet life and orbit around their hosts for many billions of years. However, from time to time, they sink to the centre, collide and are devoured by their host galaxy. 

The Large Magellanic Cloud is the brightest satellite galaxy of the Milky Way and only entered our neighbourhood about 1.5 billion years ago. It sits about 163,000 light years from the Milky Way. 

Until recently astronomers thought that it would either orbit the Milky Way for many billions of years, or, since it moves so fast, escape from our galaxy's gravitational pull. 

However, recent measurements indicate that the Large Magellanic Cloud has nearly twice as much dark matter than previously thought. The researchers say that since it has a larger than expected mass, the Large Magellanic Cloud is rapidly losing energy and is doomed to collide with our galaxy. 

The research team, led by scientists at Durham University's Institute for Computational Cosmology working with the University of Helsinki, in Finland, used the EAGLE galaxy formation supercomputer simulation to predict the collision. 

Lead author Dr Marius Cautun, a postdoctoral fellow in Durham University's Institute for Computational Cosmology, said: "While two billion years is an extremely long time compared to a human lifetime, it is a very short time on cosmic timescales. 

"The destruction of the Large Magellanic Cloud, as it is devoured by the Milky Way, will wreak havoc with our galaxy, waking up the black hole that lives at its centre and turning our galaxy into an 'active galactic nucleus' or quasar. 

This vibrant image from NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope shows the Large Magellanic Cloud, a satellite galaxy to our own Milky Way galaxy. Creit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/STScI

"This phenomenon will generate powerful jets of high energy radiation emanating from just outside the black hole. While this will not affect our Solar System, there is a small chance that we might not escape unscathed from the collision between the two galaxies which could knock us out of the Milky Way and into interstellar space." 

The collision between the Large Magellanic Cloud and the Milky Way could be spectacular, the researchers say. 

Co-author Professor Carlos Frenk, Director of the Institute for Computational Cosmology, Durham University, said: "Beautiful as it is, our Universe is constantly evolving, often through violent events like the forthcoming collision with the Large Magellanic Cloud. 

"Barring any disasters, like a major disturbance to the Solar System, our descendants, if any, are in for a treat: a spectacular display of cosmic fireworks as the newly awakened supermassive black hole at the centre of our galaxy reacts by emitting jets of extremely bright energetic radiation." 

According to the researchers, the merger of the two galaxies could be long overdue in cosmic terms. 

Dr Alis Deason, of Durham University's Institute for Computational Cosmology, said: "We think that up to now our galaxy has had only a few mergers with very low mass galaxies. 

"This represents very slim pickings when compared to nearby galaxies of the same size as the Milky Way. For example, our nearest neighbour, the Andromeda galaxy, devoured galaxies weighing nearly 30 times more than those consumed by the Milky Way. 

"Therefore, the collision with the Large Magellanic Cloud is long overdue and it is needed to make our galaxy typical." 

Source: Durham University,